Capsid Proteins and Uses Therefore

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides methods for the use of viral capsid proteins and chaperone proteins to produce immunogenic macro-molecular structures as antigen carrier to carry desired epitopes or antigens, for enhancing the immunogenicity of the carried epitopes or antigens for therapeutic or prophylactic vaccination. The immunogenic macro-molecular structures may also be used for therapeutic or prophylactic vaccination.

RELATED U.S. APPLICATION DATA

This patent application claims the priority from the provisional application No. 60944780, filed on Jun. 18, 2007.

REFERENCES CITED

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FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to the development of immunogenic compositions for therapeutic and prophylactic vaccinations.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

A variety of virus capsid proteins have the intrinsic ability to self-assemble into highly organized particles. By using recombinant DNA techniques, capsid proteins can be recombinantly produced from different hosts such as mammalian cells, insect cells, yeast and E. coli. Often, the produced capsid proteins can self-assemble into particles in the hosts that closely resemble virions. The resulted particles are called virus-like particles (VLPs). Because of lacking viral genome, VLPs are nonreplicating and noninfectious (1-14).

There are numerous documented research work and granted patents in the area of using VLPs prepared from virus capsid proteins as vaccines or using VLPs as antigen carriers or antigen delivery systems (or vehicles) to carry desired epitopes or antigens, in efforts to enhance the immunogenicity of the carried epitopes or antigens, and to prime in vivo class I-restricted cytotoxic responses (1-14, 62-68). Most of the antigen-delivery systems are formulated in particles or particulate in nature. A variety of materials, including lipids, proteins, polysaccharides, polyacrylic substances or organic acids are formulated into particles to serve as antigen delivery systems. Among them, capsid proteins formed virus-like-particles (VLPs) represent prime candidates as antigen carriers for the delivery of heterologous antigens for other diseases because of the ideal size of their particles, simplicity and the ability to induce desirable type of immune response (62-68). Also, the relative immunogenicity of different particulate antigen-delivery systems can be very different, capsid protein based particulate antigen-delivery systems may be more immunogenic than other particulate antigen-delivery systems (62-68, 109).

There is no doubt that VLPs can be expressed abundantly in a variety of expression systems by recombinant DNA techniques. There are very little doubts to the prophylactic or therapeutic potentials of using VLPs as vaccines or using them as antigen carriers for eliciting enhanced immune responses, particularly cell-mediated immune response against carried antigens or epitopes. Due to their particulate nature, VLPs usually can be purified in particles by methods such as salt precipitation with ammonium sulfate, density gradient centrifugation, and gel filtration. However, to use this technology to produce medicines, in particular for use in humans, there are still unsolved problems related to the economically and reproducibly preparing intact homogeneous particles from expression host systems with well defined compositions able to withstand long-term storage (8).

When produced by recombinant DNA technology, VLPs like many other recombinant proteins will be contaminated with host proteins, lipids, nucleic acids et al. These contaminations have to be removed to very low levels to meet the requirements for medical application. However, the removal of the contaminations from VLPs is complicated due to the fact that when VLPs are expressed and assembled in the expression systems, the host proteins and lipids can be incorporated into the VLPs and host nucleic acids can be packaged into the VLPs (15-20). Purification of whole VLPs will not be able to remove these incorporated or packaged contaminations. More ever, VLPs are super-molecular structures with molecular weight normally exceeds 10,000 Kd, Possibly due to the poor mass transfer in chromatographic processes because of the VLPs' massive sizes compare to monomer proteins or other small molecules, when the separations are conducted by using absorbent resins, the binding, elution and fractionation are not as effective and efficient as smaller molecules.

The importance of being able to purifying totally dissembled capsid proteins are noted in U.S. Pat. No. 6,962,777 and others (8, 21). VLPs' assembly requires correctly-folded capsid proteins to start with. Under non-denaturing conditions, the in vitro method for the quantitative disassembly and subsequent reassembly of VLPs is highly specific for each individual capsid protein and U.S. Pat. No. 6,962,777 might be the only published work dealt with this issue with VLPs prepared from human papillomavirus (HPV) L1 major capsid protein. Many factors significant for VLPs formation and stability have not been well elucidated. It is generally known that VLPs' disassembly and assembly can be affected by numerous factors. For example, pH, ionic strength, post-translational modifications of viral capsid proteins, disulfide bonds, and divalent cation bonding. To make this issue even more complicated is that the VLPs' disassembly and assembly often require chaperones participation and for some VLPs formation, certain specific structure nucleic acids are required (8, 21-36). Thus, there are numerous interrelated factors which may affect capsid stability, assembly and disassembly in vitro, which vary widely even for related viruses. Further more, the tendency of forming aggregates by partially dissembled or totally dissembled capsid proteins is another major obstacles in the process of producing homogenous and stable VLPs effectively and efficiently in vitro (8).

To simply dissemble VLPs, high concentration of Chaotropic agents such as urea or guanidine hydrochloride (Gu.HCl) can be used, as these agents will disrupt non-covalent forces such as hydrogen bonds, Van der Waals interactions, and the hydrophobic interactions in the capsid proteins, and the disulfide bonds in capsid proteins can be disrupted simply by reducing agents or oxidative sulfitolysis process. If just for producing pure capsid proteins, then to subject VLPs in high concentration of Gu.HCl and urea, plus necessary reagents to disrupt disulfide bonds in the purification process would be advantageous because of the following reasons. (1) Capsid proteins are much less likely to form aggregates in high concentration of urea or Gu.HCl, so the purification process can be much more efficient and scalable; (2) High concentration of urea or Gu.HCl can weak the interactions (hydrogen bonding, Van der Waals interactions, and the hydrophobic effect) between capsid proteins and contaminations; so the purification process can be much more effective in terms at removing contaminations; (3) VLPs are disintegrated in the high concentration of urea or Gu.HCl, so the capsid proteins exhibit more homogenous properties in the purification process; (4) disintegrated VLPs are much more likely to release or expose incorporated or packaged contaminations to the purification forces for removing them. However, the chaotropic agents such as urea or Gu.HCl are also strong protein denaturants, proteins are denatured after the treatment with high concentration of urea or Gu.HCl, and there is still lack of knowledge on how to correctly refold denatured capsid proteins. If denatured capsid proteins are not correctly refolded, they often form aggregates instead of self-assemble into VLPs (8, 21).

A host's immune responses or immune tolerance to a virus may also pose problems for using authentic VLPs as antigen carriers. Capsid proteins formed VLPs represent prime candidates as antigen carriers for the delivery of heterologous antigens because of the ideal size of their particles, simplicity and the ability to induce desirable type of immune response (62-68). However, the host might have been infected with the viruses, and the infections may result the host developing immune responses to the VLPs prepared from the same viruses or close related viruses; or the infection may result host developing immune tolerance to the VLPs prepared from the same viruses or close related viruses. In either case, the effectiveness of using VLPs as antigen carriers in such host will be greatly reduced.

It can be advantages if capsid proteins with self-assembly ability can be utilized to prepare particles (macro-molecular structures) with different morphology from the authentic VLPs as antigen carriers. Because of the differences of the morphology, the macro-molecular structures will display or expose a different set of epitope peptides compare to authentic VLPs, and may have the following advantages over authentic VLPs: (1) pre-existing immunity to authentic VLPs might be circumvented by the use of macro-molecular structures with different morphology; (2) existing immune tolerance to authentic capsid proteins might be circumvented by the use of the macro-molecular structures with different morphology; (3) the use of macro-molecular structures with different morphology might circumvent the problem of interference with commercial anti-capsid protein assays.

Therefore, there exists a need in the art for a general method, which would conduct the purification of recombinantly expressed capsid proteins in one or more steps in high concentration of chaotropic agents (denaturing conditions) plus necessary agents to disrupt disulfide bonds, then refold and reassemble of purified homogenous capsid proteins. There also exists a need in the art to utilize capsid proteins to prepare particles (macro-molecular structures) morphologically different from authentic VLPs as antigen carriers for circumventing pre-existing immune responses to the VLPs or existing immune tolerance to the VLPs.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to prepare immunogenic macro-molecular structures by utilizing capsid proteins intrinsic self-assembly ability and chaperone proteins ability to bind and prevent denatured proteins from aggregations and facilitate their folding.

In this invention, the said macro-molecular structures are prepared from a fusion protein comprising a virus capsid (or nucleocapsid) protein and a chaperone protein. The said fusion protein is named as FCCP. The said FCCP is recombinantly produced, and is purified in denatured form in high concentration of chaotropic agent solution. The denatured FCCP is refolded and re-assembled into the macro-molecular structures.

One of the major objects of this invention is to use the macro-molecular structures derived from FCCP instead of the VLPs derived from capsid proteins as antigen or epitope carriers for enhancing the immunogenicity of the carried epitopes or antigens for therapeutic or prophylactic vaccination.

The compositions of the macro-molecular structures derived from FCCP carrying heterologous antigen or epitope can be prepared by (1) chemically linking or conjugating heterologous antigen or epitope to the FCCP, or to the macro-molecular structures derived from FCCP; (2) linking heterologous antigen or epitope to the FCCP via a peptide bond to form a single fusion protein comprising said heterologous antigen and said FCCP, then recombinantly producing heterologous antigen-FCCP fusion protein, purifying heterologous antigen-FCCP fusion protein in denatured form, refolding and re-assembling denatured heterologous antigen-FCCP fusion protein into macro-molecular structures.

In this invention, the compositions of the macro-molecular structures derived from FCCP carrying heterologous antigen may be used for therapeutic or prophylactic vaccination by inducing desirable immune responses, particularly a cell-mediated immune response against carried antigen.

The use of macro-molecular structures instead of authentic VLPs may have the following advantages: (1) pre-existing immunity to authentic VLPs might be circumvented by the use of macro-molecular structures with different morphology; (2) existing immune tolerance to authentic capsid proteins might be circumvented by the use of the macro-molecular structures with different morphology; (3) the use of macro-molecular structures with different morphology might circumvent the problem of interference with commercial anti-capsid protein assays.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

As the refolding and reassembly of capsid proteins are affected by many factors, most of them are not well defined and some of the factors are still unknown, it will be difficult to refold and reassemble denatured capsid proteins if some of the related factors are unknown or not well defined. To overcome this problem, a fusion capsid-chaperone protein (FCCP) has been designed based on the following reasons: (1) virus capsid proteins have the intrinsic ability to self-assemble into particles; (2) virus capsid proteins can accommodate certain length of peptide fused to its N-terminal or C-terminal and still retain the ability of self-assembling into particles (12, 12, 36-37); (3) chaperone proteins can bind and prevent non-native or denatured proteins from aggregations and facilitate their folding (38-59, 103-104); (4) when exogenous antigens are particulate in nature, they are presented 1,000 or 10,000-fold more efficiently than soluble antigen in both class I and class II pathways (5, 60-68). The FCCP is composed with a capsid protein and a chaperone protein, the chaperone protein is linked to capsid protein to its N-terminal or C-terminal via a peptide bond to form a single molecule. The objects of this designed FCCP are (1) when the fusion protein is recombinantly expressed in a host system, the separation and purification process can be conducted in high concentration of chaotropic agents in one or more steps, such as up to 10M urea or Gu.HCl can be used in the purification process, preferably from 4M-8M for urea and 3-6M for Gu.HCl; (2) the purified homogenous FCCP will be refolded with a process involving gradually removing out chaotropic agents presented in the purified sample; (3) in the refolding process, FCCP will self-assemble into macro-molecular structures containing multi-FCCP subunits, the assembled macro-molecular structures can be a VLP structure or another structure with totally different morphology; (4) the macro-molecular structures can be used as antigen or epitope delivery systems, such as protein or peptide based antigens or epitopes can be fused to the FCCP by recombinant DNA method to produce peptide bond linked fusion proteins, or can be chemically linked or conjugated to the FCCP; the purified FCCP can be used to incorporate desired moieties, e.g., nucleic acids, proteins, peptides, hormones, anti-cancer agents and antiviral agents into the macro-molecular structures during reassembly. In the FCCP molecules, capsid protein is the component mainly responsible for the formation of macro-molecule structures because of its intrinsic self-assembly ability, chaperone protein is the component providing the possibility to process FCCP in denatured form with the incorporation of high concentration of chaotropic agents in the purification process and subsequently refold and reassembly. The denatured capsid protein alone often forms aggregates in the refolding process, and very often, the denatured capsid protein can not stay in non-denaturing solution in soluble forms because of the formation of the aggregates. The possible mechanism might be related to the hydrophobic patches in capsid proteins. Hydrophobic patches in capsid proteins are critical in self-assembling and maintaining the VLP structures, and they are buried inside of the capsid proteins in the VLP structures (69-74). In the high concentration of denaturant solutions, such as urea or Gu.HCl solutions, capsid proteins are denatured and the buried hydrophobic patches are exposed to the solutions. When denaturants are gradually removed from the solutions in the refolding process, the gradually increased interaction among the exposed hydrophobic patches make the capsid proteins forming aggregates. When FCCP subjected to the high concentration of urea or Gu.HCl, the hydrophobic patches in capsid protein are exposed to the solutions too, but when denaturants are gradually removed from the solutions in the refolding process, the exposed hydrophobic patches in capsid proteins can be protected by fused chaperone protein, and the FCCP can stay in solutions to take refolding and self-assembling process to form soluble macro-molecular structures. The FCCP is a different molecule compare to capsid protein, the refolding and in vitro assembly process are conducted by gradually removing out chaotropic agents presented in the denatured preparation of FCCP, which are fundamentally different from the nature process of capsid protein's folding and self-assembly into VLPs. Because of above reasons, the morphology of the macro-molecular structures prepared from this invention may totally differ from authentic VLPs.

One of this invention's findings is that the macro-molecular structures formed by the self-assembling of FCCP without the morphology of authentic VLPs can be very immunogenic, and may have the following advantages over authentic VLPs: (1) pre-existing immunity to authentic VLPs might be circumvented by the use of macro-molecular structures with different morphology; (2) existing immune tolerance to authentic capsid proteins might be circumvented by the use of the macro-molecular structures with different morphology; (3) the use of macro-molecular structures with different morphology might circumvent the problem of interference with commercial anti-capsid protein assays; (4) macro-molecular structures are much more stable in the solutions. The strong immunogenicity of the macro-molecular structures could be due to (1) when exogenous antigens are particulate in nature, they are presented 1,000 or 10,000-fold more efficiently than soluble antigen in both class I and class II pathways, and macro-molecule structures have features of particle antigens, (2) innate immunity might be able to recognize some conserved sequences in capsid protein in FCCP, which can work synergistically to generate strong, lasting immunological responses. Furthermore the capsid protein in the FCCP can be utilized to package nucleic acids. Some nucleic acids such as double strand RNA and unmethylated CpG-DNA are well known for their ability to greatly enhance the immune responses (75-83).

Those skilled in the art will recognize and appreciate that in the FCCP molecule, capsid protein can be a whole protein, part of the whole protein, science mutated or variant of capsid proteins which still retain the ability of self-assembly into macro-molecular structures containing multi-subunits. These variants include, but are not limited to, additions, deletions, insertions and/or substitutions of amino acids (typically 1-500, preferably 1-200, more preferably 1-50 amino acids). Those skilled in the art are able to produce the said variants of capsid proteins using published methods (106-108). Many kinds of capsid protein with the ability of self-assembly can be used in this invention. In one embodiment, said capsid protein is a human hepatitis B (HBV) core antigen. Chaperone protein can be a full length protein, a functional equivalent, such as, a fragment of whole chaperone protein, a science mutated or a variant of chaperone protein and those skilled in the art are able to produce the said functional equivalents using published methods (91-102, 104). Many chaperones are heat shock proteins, that is, proteins expressed in response to elevated temperatures or other cellular stresses (38-59, 105). The reason for this behavior is that protein folding is severely affected by heat and, therefore, some chaperones act to repair the potential damage caused by misfolding. Some chaperone proteins are involved in folding newly made proteins as they are extruded from the ribosome.

There are many different families of chaperone proteins; each family acts to aid protein folding in a different way. In bacteria like E. coli, many of these proteins are highly expressed under conditions of high stress, for example, when placed in high temperatures. For this reason, the term “heat shock protein” has historically been used to name these chaperone proteins. The prefix “Hsp” designates that the protein is a heat shock protein.

Some of the common chaperone familys are Hsp60, Hsp70, Hsp90, Hsp100 and small molecule weight family of Hsp proteins (38-59). Chaperone proteins are not limited to Hsp proteins and those skilled in the art will recognize that present unknown chaperone proteins can be used to produce FCCP in the method provided in this invention when they are discovered. In one embodiment, said chaperone protein is a M. bovis BCG hsp65 protein (84). In this invention, the idea is to have a peptide or a protein joined to a capsid protein via a peptide bond, then the fused protein can be processed in denatured forms in one or more steps in high concentration of chaotrapic agents such as urea or Gu.HCl solution, the purified fusion protein then can be subjected to refold and self assemble process by gradually removing chaotrapoic agents out from the samples to produce macro-molecular structures.

In the FCCP, a linker may be designed between the capsid protein and the chaperone protein, and usually the linker is a peptide of 1-100 amino acids, preferably 1-50, more preferably 1-10. A specific enzyme cleavage site or chemical cleavage site may be added to the linker between the capsid protein and the chaperone protein. After the purification, refolding and assembling process, the chaperone protein might be clipped off from FCCP with a chemical method, or by an enzymatic method. Such as, a specific enzyme cleavage site can be designed at the joint of the capsid protein and chaperone protein, for example, asp asp asp asp lys can be recognized by enterokinase, and this sequence can be introduced into the linker of the capsid protein and chaperone protein, after refolding and reassembling, the enterokinase can be used to clip off the chaperone protein.

One of the major objects of this invention is to use the macro-molecular structures derived from FCCP instead of the VLPs derived from capsid proteins as antigen or epitope carriers for enhancing the immunogenicity of the carried epitopes or antigens for therapeutic or prophylactic vaccination.

The compositions of the macro-molecular structures derived from FCCP carrying heterologous antigen or epitope can be prepared by (1) chemically linking or conjugating heterologous antigen or epitope to the FCCP, or to the macro-molecular structures derived from FCCP; (2) linking heterologous antigen or epitope to the FCCP via a peptide bond to form a single fusion protein comprising said heterologous antigen and said FCCP. The heterologous antigen is linked to the FCCP to its N-terminal or C-terminal. Preferably the heterologous antigen is linked to the capsid protein. In this invention, said heterologous antigen may be any protein, peptide or non-peptide molecules or any of their combinations, such as a antigen or a fragment or any combination of antigens or their fragments derived from the group consisting of: (a) viruses; (b) bacteria; (c) parasites; (d) prions; (e) tumors; (f) self-molecules; (g) non-peptide hapten molecules (h) allergens; (i) hormones and (j) antigenic fragments of any of the antigens from (a) to (i); or the epitope or epitopes derived from the group consisting of: (a) viruses; (b) bacteria; (c) parasites; (d) prions; (e) tumors; (f) self-molecules; (g) allergens and (h) hormones.

In one embodiment, said heterologous antigen is E7 antigen from human papillomavirus, and the E7 antigen is linked to the N-terminal of the capsid protein of the FCCP via a peptide bond to form a fusion protein comprising E7 antigen and FCCP.

Once the capsid protein and chaperone protein are chosen, the fusion orientation is designed, and in some cases a linker is designed, then protein or peptide based antigens or epitopes can be designed to fuse to the FCCP forming single fusion protein linked by peptide bonds. Preferably, heterologous antigen or epitope is linked to the capsid protein of the FCCP as a single fusion protein. The polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding the designed single fusion protein can be produced by reverse translating the fusion protein sequence back to the DNA sequence. The said nucleotide sequence can be chemically synthesized or obtained by using recombinant DNA techniques or the combination of the chemical synthesis and recombinant DNA techniques. The said nucleotide sequence can be optimized to have the optimal expression in a desired host.

The said nucleotide sequence is incorporated into a suitable recombinant expression vector as a single open reading frame with necessary accessory sequences proper for its recombinant expression in a chosen system. The host cell is transformed or transfected with the expression vector. Transformed or transfected host cells are then cultured and the desired fusion protein is recombinantly expressed.

The recombinantly expressed FCCP-heterologous antigen is isolated and purified by known separation and purification methods. These methods include but are not limited to cell disruption, centrifugation, filtration, salt precipitation, column chromatography or other chromatographic methods. High concentration of chaotropic agents such as urea or Gu.HCl is (are) applied at least one step or more steps in the separation and purification process; the concentration of urea or Gu.HCl solution used in the separation and purification process can be up to 10M urea or Gu.HCl, preferably from 4M-8M for urea and 3-6M for Gu.HCl. By scouting known separation and purification methods, usually a separation and purification process can be set up to obtain highly purified sample by those skilled in the art.

The purified homogenous FCCP-heterologous antigen fusion protein is refolded and reassembled into macro-molecular structures containing multi-units of FCCP-heterologous antigen with a process involving gradually removing out chaotropic agents presented in the purified sample. There are many methods can be used for removing out chaotropic agents presented in the purified sample. These methods include but are not limited to dialysis, ultra-filtration and other methods, such as gel filtration.

The capsid protein in the FCCP-heterologous antigen fusion protein can be utilized to package nucleic acids. Some nucleic acids such as double strand RNA or unmethylated CpG-DNA are well known for their ability to greatly enhance the immune responses. Thus it is highly desirable to have double strand RNA or unmethylated CpG-DNA be packaged into the macro-molecular structures containing multi-units of FCCP-heterologous antigen by adding desired double strand RNA or unmethylated CpG-DNA into purified and denatured fusion protein of FCCP-heterologous antigen, then reassembling FCCP-heterologous antigen into macro-molecular structures by a process involving gradually removing out chaotropic agents presented in the denatured fusion protein sample.

In the FCCP heterologous antigen fusion protein, the chaperone protein is to facilitate the refolding of the denatured capsid protein, in some situations; it may be desirable to have the chaperone protein being removed after refolding and reassembling process. The composition can be prepared by another method to have the chaperone protein being removed from the final preparation using following steps.

-   1. Designing a fusion protein with the capsid protein linked to     heterologous antigen and a chaperone protein via peptide bonds,     designing an unique enzyme cleavage site at the joint of the capsid     protein and the chaperone protein, the unique enzyme cleavage site     is a thrombin cleavage site or an enterokinase cleavage site, or any     other unique enzyme cleavage site; -   2. recombinantly producing the said fusion protein containing a     specific enzyme cleavage site at the joint of the capsid protein and     the chaperone protein by an expression system; -   3. separation and purification of the recombinantly expressed fusion     protein in one or more steps in denatured form involving using high     concentration of chaotropic agents, such as using up to 10M urea or     Gu.HCl solutions or buffered solutions in the separation and     purification process, preferably 4-8M for urea and 3-6M for Gu.HCl; -   4. refolding and reassembling of the said fusion protein into     macro-molecular structures by a process involving gradually removing     out chaotropic agents presented in the denatured fusion protein     sample; -   5. clipping off the chaperone protein from the macro-molecular     structures by using the desired enzyme, such as using thrombin or     enterokinase; -   6. separating macro-molecular structures from the clipped off     chaperone protein; -   7. the final macro-molecular structures comprising many subunits of     mostly capsid protein fused to heterologous antigen.

The compositions of the macro-molecular structures derived from FCCP carrying heterologous antigen or epitope can also be prepared using another different approach.

The prepared heterologous antigen or epitope and macro-molecular structures prepared from FCCP or FCCP molecules can be conjugated or joined chemically using known techniques, such as, standard techniques involving covalent attachment, for example to exposed tyrosine residues or to the epsilon-amino groups of lysine residues or the carboxyl groups of aspartate and glutamate residues. The heterologous antigen and macro-molecular structures prepared from FCCP or FCCP can also be joined noncovalently by affinity interactions. Any of several known high-affinity interactions can be adapted to noncovalently connect heterologous antigen with macro-molecular structures prepared from FCCP or FCCP. For examples, a biotin group can be added to macro-molecular structures prepared from FCCP or FCCP, the heterologous antigen can be expressed as an avidin-antigen fusion protein. The avidin-antigen fusion protein will strongly bind the biotinlated macro-molecular structures or FCCP.

The heterologous antigen can be recombinantly expressed and then purified or chemically synthezed, or separated and purified from nature sources.

Macro-molecular structures comprise FCCP can be prepared from FCCP molecules. Once the capsid protein and chaperone protein are chosen, the fusion orientation is designed, and in some cases a linker is designed, then the polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding the designed FCCP can be produced by reverse translating the fusion protein sequence back to the nucleotide sequence. The said nucleotide sequence can be chemically synthesized or obtained by using recombinant DNA techniques or the combination of the chemical synthesis and recombinant DNA techniques. The said nucleotide sequence can be optimized to have the optimal expression in a desired host.

The said nucleotide sequence is incorporated into a suitable recombinant expression vector as a single open reading frame with necessary accessory sequences proper for its recombinant expression in a chosen system. The host cell is transformed or transfected with the expression vector. Transformed or transfected host cells are then cultured and the desired fusion protein is recombinantly expressed.

The recombinantly expressed FCCP is isolated and purified by known separation and purification methods. These methods include but are not limited to cell disruption, centrifugation, filtration, salt precipitation, column chromatography or other chromatographic methods. High concentration of chaotropic agents such as urea or Gu.HCl is (are) applied at least one step or more steps in the separation and purification process; the concentration of urea or Gu.HCl solution used in the separation and purification process can be up to 10M urea or Gu.HCl, preferably from 4M-8M for urea and 3-6M for Gu.HCl. By scouting known separation and purification methods, usually a separation and purification process can be set up to obtain highly purified FCCP sample by those skilled in the art.

The purified homogenous FCCP is refolded and reassembled into macro-molecular structures containing multi-units of FCC with a process involving gradually removing out chaotropic agents presented in the purified sample. There are many methods can be used for removing out chaotropic agents presented in the purified sample. These methods include but are not limited to dialysis, ultra-filtration and other methods, such as gel filtration.

The capsid protein in the FCCP can be utilized to package nucleic acids. Some nucleic acids such as double strand RNA or unmethylated CpG-DNA are well known for their ability to greatly enhance the immune responses. Thus it is highly desirable to have double strand RNA or unmethylated CpG-DNA be packaged into the macro-molecular structures containing multi-units of FCCP by adding desired double strand RNA or unmethylated CpG-DNA into purified and denatured fusion protein of FCCP then reassembling FCCP antigen into macro-molecular structures by a process involving gradually removing out chaotropic agents presented in the denatured fusion protein sample.

In the FCCP, the chaperone protein is to facilitate the refolding of the denatured capsid protein, in some situations; it may be desirable to have the chaperone protein being removed after refolding and reassembling process. The composition can be prepared by another method to have the chaperone protein being removed from the final preparation using following steps.

-   1. Designing a FCCP fusion protein with an unique enzyme cleavage     site at the joint of the capsid protein and the chaperone protein,     the unique enzyme cleavage site is a thrombin cleavage site or an     enterokinase cleavage site, or any other unique enzyme cleavage     site; -   2. recombinantly producing the said fusion protein containing a     specific enzyme cleavage site at the joint of the capsid protein and     the chaperone protein by an expression system; -   3. separation and purification of the recombinantly expressed fusion     protein in one or more steps in denatured form involving using high     concentration of chaotropic agents, such as using up to 10M urea or     Gu.HCl solutions or buffered solutions in the separation and     purification process, preferably 4-8M for urea and 3-6M for Gu.HCl; -   4. refolding and reassembling of the said fusion protein into     macro-molecular structures by a process involving gradually removing     out chaotropic agents presented in the denatured fusion protein     sample; -   5. clipping off the chaperone protein from the macro-molecular     structures by using the desired enzyme, such as using thrombin or     enterokinase; -   6. separating macro-molecular structures from the clipped off     chaperone protein; -   7. the final macro-molecular structures comprising many subunits of     mostly capsid protein.

Many methods are available for determining the particle size distribution of the macro-molecular structures prepared according to this invention. These methods include but are not limited to molecular sieve chromatography, ultrafiltration, using particle size measurement instrumentation from suppliers such as Malvern Instruments Ltd (http://www.malvern.com).

Thus, the objects of the invention are to solve the problems of the prior art and provide novel immunogenic composition comprising said macro-molecular structures, or said macro-molecular structures carrying heterologous antigen or epitope.

More specifically, it is an object of the invention to provide a novel method for utilizing capsid proteins and chaperone proteins to produce macro-molecular structures. The macro-molecular structures are self-assembled by FCCP, which is a capsid protein fused to a chaperone protein or their functional fragments fused together.

Still more specifically, it is an object of the invention to use the macro-molecular structures as antigen carriers for eliciting enhanced immune responses, particularly cell-mediated immune response against carried antigens or epitopes. Such as, protein or peptide based antigens or epitopes can be fused to the FCCP by recombinant DNA method, or desired antigens or epitopes can be chemically linked or conjugated to the FCCP, or desired antigens or epitopes can also be joined noncovalently by affinity interactions.

It is also an object of the invention to provide a method which enables the purification of FCCP in one or more steps in denatured form using high concentration of chaotropic agents such as urea or Gu.HCl, the purified homogenous FCCP subsequently refolded and reassembled into macro-molecular structures by gradually removing chaotropic agents out from the denatured FCCP sample.

It is another object of the invention to provide a method for packaging or encapsulating desired moieties in macro-molecular structures, e.g., therapeutic or diagnostic agents.

It is still another object of the invention to provide a novel delivery system to incorporate desired moieties, e.g., nucleic acids, proteins, peptides, hormones, anti-cancer agents and antiviral agents into the macro-molecular structures during reassembly.

It is still another object of the invention to provide a novel method with the ability to prepare homogenous and well defined immunogenic compositions in a scalable process.

It is still another object of the invention to provide a novel method to prepare macro-moleclar structures with the potential to circumvent pre-existing immunity to authentic VLPs.

It is still another object of the invention to provide a novel method to prepare macro-moleclar structures with the potential to circumvent existing immune tolerance to authentic capsid proteins.

It is still another object of the invention to provide a novel method to prepare macro-moleclar structures with the potential to circumvent the problem associated with authentic VLPs of interference with commercial anti-capsid protein based assays.

The immunogenic compositions of this invention described above, are preferably used for therapeutic vaccination. However, the compositions may also be used for prophylactic vaccination. The compositions of this invention are suitable for injection and routes and procedures of administration include, but are not limited to standard intramuscular, subcutaneous, intradermal, intravenous, oral or rectal routes and procedures. In addition, the compositions of this invention can contain and be administered together with other pharmacologically acceptable components. The compositions of this invention can also be formulated by combining with an adjuvant or other accessory substance such as an immunostimulatory molecule in order to enhance its effect as a therapeutic vaccine, and also to stimulate a preferred type of immune response in the recipient host. Useful adjuvant include, but are not limited to: double strand RNA, unmethylated CpG-DNA, aluminum hydroxide. Such adjuvant and/or other accessory substances can be used separately or in combinations as desired.

The amount of the compositions in this invention used for therapeutic or prophylactic purposes is an amount which can induce effective immune responses in a subject when administered. In addition, the amount of the compositions administered to the subject will vary depending on a variety of factors, including but not limiting to: the formulation of the compositions, adjuvant and its amount, the size, age, body weight, sex, general health and immunological responses of the subject. Effective amounts can be determined in subjects and adjustment and manipulation of established dose range are well within the ability of those skilled in the art. For example, the effective amount of compositions can be from 0.1 microgram to about 10 milligrams for per kilogram body weight, preferably from 1 microgram to 1 milligram for per kilogram body weight. One or more doses of the vaccine may be administered at intervals. This regime can readily be optimized in subjects by those skilled in the art.

The following examples are provided in order to demonstrate and further illustrate the present invention, and are not to be construed as limiting the scope thereof.

EXAMPLES Example 1 FCCP Molecule Carrying an HPV Antigen

A chaperone protein-Hsp65 derived from Mycobacterium bovis BCG hsp65 gene (84) is fused to the C-terminal of the nucleocapsid protein (core antigen) of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) subtype ADW2 (85-86) to form a FCCP molecule. An E7 antigen from human papillomavirus type 16 (87) is fused to the N-terminal of the FCCP molecule. The single fusion protein starting from N-terminal is E7 protein, the C-terminal of E7 antigen is fused to the N-terminal of capsid protein, and the C-terminal of capsid protein is fused to the N-terminal of Hsp65 protein. The fusion protein has theoretic molecular weight of 89.2 KD, and is represented as E7-Core-Hsp65. The DNA sequence encoding E7-Core-Hsp65 fusion protein was chemically synthesized according to DNA sequences from GenBank (86-87, 110) without any variations.

The synthesized DNA sequence was named Ankegens 2479 bp and cloned into SmaI digested pBluescript II SK (+/−) from Stratagene (88) to produce pBSK-Ankegens-2479 bp.

Example 2 Expression and Purification of E7-Core-Hsp65 Fusion Protein

E7-Core-BCG65 DNA fragment was cut from pBSK-Ankegens-2479 bp by NdeI and EcoRI then subcloned into pET-23a (89) corresponding sites to produce pET-23a-2479. The pET-23a-2479 was transformed into Rosetta-gami (DE3) from Novagen. E7-Core-BCG65 fusion protein was expressed in E. coli cells by fermentation and induction of transformed Rosetta-gami (DE3) cells with 0.5 mM isopropyl-thio-galatopyranoside according to Novagen's pET System Manual. After fermentation, cells were harvested by centrifugation. Cells were washed once by suspending 100 g cell paste in 1000 ml of buffer A (100 mM Tris-Hcl pH 9.0; 5 mM EDTA) then centrifuging at 8500 rpm for 30 minutes. Discarded the supernatant then re-suspended the pelleted cells with 1000 ml of buffer B (50 mM sodium acetate; 2 mM EDTA). The suspended cells were ruptured by homogenization process with pressure at 760 bar, and then centrifuged at 8500 rpm for 30 minutes. The supernatant was collected and the volume was measured. Urea was added to the supernatant according to 0.7 g urea for 1 ml supernatant, and then sodium chloride was added to final concentration at 100 mM, L-Cysteine was added to final concentration at 20 mM. The solution was stirred at room temperature to have all the urea dissolved then stirred at 4° C. for overnight. After overnight stirring, the sample was applied to an XK-50 column (GE Health) containing 300 ml of SP-Sepharose resin (GE Health), which was previously washed with 1 M sodium chloride and equilibrated with buffer C (50 mM sodium acetate; 100 mM NaCl; 2 mM EDTA; 8M urea; 10 mM L-Cysteine). After sample loading, the column was washed with 10 column-volumes of buffer D (50 mM sodium acetate; 100 mM NaCl; 2 mM EDTA; 8M urea; 10 mM L-Cysteine; 2.5% Triton-X-100) overnight to remove endotoxin. After overnight washing with buffer D, the column was washed with 5 column-volumes of buffer C to remove Triton-X-100, and then the column was washed with 3 column-volumes of buffer E (50 mM sodium acetate; 300 mM NaCl; 2 mM EDTA; 8M urea; 10 mM L-Cysteine) to remove contaminations. E7-Core-BCG65 fusion protein was eluted from the column with buffer D (50 mM sodium acetate; 800 mM NaCl; 2 mM EDTA; 8M urea; 10 mM L-Cysteine). Pooled eluted protein was dialyzed against 4×40 volumes of buffer F (50 mM sodium acetate, 6Murea) to remove NaCl and L-Cysteine. After dialysis, Oxidative sulfitolysis was performed by adding sodium sulfite and sodium tetrathionate to final concentrations of 200 mM and 50 mM respectively and incubating for overnight at room temperature. The sulfitolyzed sample was diluted 5 volumes with buffer F then applied to an XK-50 column with 150 ml of Q-Sepharose resin (GE Health), which was previously washed with 1M NaCl and equilibrated with buffer F. After sample loading, the column was washed with 2 column-volumes of 95% buffer F and 5% buffer G (50 mM sodium acetate; 1M NaCl; 6Murea), and then E7-Core-BCG65 fusion protein was eluted with a lineal gradient from 95% buffer F and 5% buffer G to 50% buffer F and 50% buffer G over 8 column-volumes. Eluted E7-Core-BCG65 fusion protein was pooled, and then dialyzed against 1×40 volumes of Tris.HCl pH9.0, 1×40 volumes of Tris.HCl pH7.5 with 100 mM NaCl to remove urea and refold E7-Core-BCG65 fusion protein. The endotoxin levels in the final preparations (E7-Core-BCG65 in Tris.HCl pH7.5 with 100 mM NaCl) were below 5EU/mg protein.

SDS-PAGE shows that the purified sample contains a single major band migrating closely under 97.4 Kd marker. The purified sample was subjected to N-terminal amino acid sequencing, and the determined N-terminal amino acid sequence was MHGDTPTLHEYMLD, which matched theoretic N-terminal sequence of E7-Core-BCG65. Based on SDS-PAGE and N-terminal sequencing results, the purified sample was confirmed to be E7-Core-BCG65 fusion protein.

The particle size distribution of refolded E7-Core-BCG65 was analyzed by Malvern Zetasizer Nano ZS from Malvern Instruments Ltd (http://www.malvern.com). The measured sample had Z-Average size: 61.3 nm, PDI<0.2, result quality: good.

The molecular sieve chromatography was used to compare relative molecular mass among refolded E7-Core-BCG65, bovine serum albumin (BSA, a monomer protein with molecular weight 67 Kd) and authentic VLPs prepared from recombinantly expressed L1 capsid protein of human papillomavirus (Wison Bioengineering Ltd. Shanghai). The column's diameter is 1.5 cm; column volume is 180 ml Sepharose 4B FF (GE Healthcare); running buffer is 100 mM PB, 0.4M NaCl, pH6.5; flow rate is 2 ml/min; sample volume is 1 ml for each sample. The refolded E7-Core-BCG65 was eluted with elution volume of 70 ml, which was the same as authentic VLPs from HPV L1 capsid protein, and the elution volume of the BSA was close to 150 ml.

The refolded E7-Core-BCG65 was amorphous structure under the electro-microscope.

In Western blotting experiment, the antibody against hepatitis B virus core antigen from Abcam failed to detect core antigen of refolded E7-Core-BCG65, and the result might indicate that the sample can be administered to a host with pre-existing anti HBV immune responses.

Example 3 Therapeutic and Prophylactic Effects of E7-Core-BCG65 Treatment in Mice

The E7-Core-BCG65 is an FCCP carrying an E7 antigen from HPV type 16, and the E7 expressing TC-1 tumor cells were used to evaluate the therapeutic and prophylactic applications of E7-Core-BCG65 on mice bearing TC-1 tumor or being challenged with TC-1 tumor.

Female C57BL/6 mice, six to eight weeks old (20.0±2.0 g) were purchased from SHANGHAI SLAC LABORATORY ANIMAL CO. LTD. Quality Control No.: SCXK(Shanghai)2003-0003.

TC-1 cell line expressing HPV16 E7 protein was derived from primary lung cells of C57BL/6 mice by immortalization and transformation with HPV16 E7 gene and an activated human C-Ha-ras gene as described in Lin et al. (90). TC-1 cells were grown in RPMI1640 medium supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum, 2 mM nonessential amino acids, 2 mM L-glutamine, 1 mM pyruvate, Penicillin/Streptomycin, and the cells were harvested by trypsinization, the cells were washed three times with PBS then re-suspended in PBS. 1×10⁵ TC-1 cells were inoculated subcutaneously into the mice and the mice were treated with E7-Core-BCG65 or saline subcutaneously according to their experiment groups.

Animal Experiment Groups:

Dose Groups Mice Treatment Time of E7-Core-BCG65 Treatment Therapeutic 8 500 ug 48 h and 16 days after inoculation Application E7-Core- of TC-1 BCG65 8 100 ug 48 h and 16 days after inoculation E7-Core- of TC-1 BCG65 8 20 ug 48 h and 16 days after inoculation E7-Core- of TC-1 BCG65 Prophylactic 8 100 ug Two treatments with 14 days in between Application E7-Core- Inoculation of TC-1 14 days after BCG65 second treatment 8 20 ug Two treatments with 14 days in between E7-Core- Inoculation of TC-1 14 days after BCG65 second treatment Control 6 Saline 48 h and 16 days after inoculation of TC-1

The mice were monitored for the presence or absence of tumor by palpation and the volume of the tumor was measured with Vernier Caliber by 2 orthogonal dimensions twice a week; these measurements were extrapolated to mm3 and are presented as average tumor volume±standard error of the mean. The life span of the mice was recorded.

In control group, the presence of the tumor was observed 4 days after TC-1 inoculation; the average volume of the tumor was grown to 40 mm3 10 day after inoculation and 7499.84 mm3 36 days after inoculation. All mice in the control group died within 60 days after inoculation.

In therapeutic group, mice were treated with E7-Core-BCG65 48 h and 16 days after TC-1 inoculation; the average volume of the tumor was grown to 181.89 mm3 (500 ug), 671.34 mm3 (10 ug) and 2148.57 mm3 (20 ug) 36 days after inoculation. All mice were alive 60 days after inoculation.

In the prophylactic group, mice were treated with E7-Core-BCG65 twice in 14 days, and after second treatment, mice were inoculated with TC-1; the average volume of the tumor was grown to 22.43 mm3 (10 ug) and 89.08 mm3 (20 ug) 36 days after inoculation. All mice were alive 60 days after inoculation.

TABLE 1 The average tumor volume in different experiment groups (mm³) ( x ± s) Therapeutic Group Prophylactic Group Control Date 500 ug 100 ug 20 ug 100 ug 20 ug Group (day) (n = 8) (n = 8) (n = 8) (n = 8) (n = 8) (n = 6) 10 8.65 ± 5.40 16.33 ± 8.83   42.54 ± 24.55* 2.32 ± 1.06 5.56 ± 2.91 39.00 ± 19.28 13 41.70 ± 20.90 51.01 ± 20.37  84.72 ± 36.72* 1.97 ± 2.44 10.58 ± 25.56 133.57 ± 69.64  16 31.91 ± 12.26 49.96 ± 20.62 189.07 ± 91.07* 1.97 ± 1.42 5.24 ± 2.08 320.20 ± 149.14 19 35.69 ± 10.52 156.28 ± 46.49  208.49 ± 85.46  2.85 ± 1.49 25.65 ± 10.43 782.65 ± 257.69 22 43.89 ± 21.13 224.71 ± 107.46 357.47 ± 159.47 2.44 ± 1.98 35.24 ± 80.41 1033.81 ± 594.12  25 109.04 ± 47.41  257.01 ± 107.19 756.40 ± 258.40 4.52 ± 2.78 17.38 ± 6.76  2414.19 ± 1201.87 28 127.68 ± 56.24  395.56 ± 128.72 892.54 ± 364.47 18.81 ± 5.42  69.63 ± 24.46 4432.67 ± 1824.46 31 156.12 ± 49.46  525.81 ± 152.94 1527.21 ± 510.46  20.57 ± 10.46 85.57 ± 25.85 6024.54 ± 2465.46 34 181.89 ± 75.53  671.34 ± 301.28 2048.57 ± 1050.57 22.42 ± 18.60 89.08 ± 43.09 7499.84 ± 3722.56 37 250.52 ± 120.59 785.69 ± 268.85 3051.65 ± 1253.32 56.83 ± 25.56 173.59 ± 89.41  9483.58 ± 4565.74 40 396.88 ± 208.12 921.87 ± 368.03 3887.08 ± 1889.08 59.81 ± 26.79 173.92 ± 86.39  13141.43 ± 5077.39 

Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain that the basic construction in this invention can be altered to provide other embodiments which utilize the process of this invention. Therefore, it will be appreciated that the scope of this invention is to be defined by the claims appended hereto rather than the specific embodiments which have been presented hereinbefore by way of example. 

1. A composition comprising a fusion protein, wherein the fusion protein comprising a capsid (or nucleocapsid) protein, a chaperone protein and a desired antigen joined together via peptide bonds.
 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein said desired antigen joined capsid protein of the fusion protein of claim 1 via a peptide bond.
 3. A composition comprising at least one desired antigen and a fusion protein of a capsid protein joined a chaperone protein via a peptide bond.
 4. The composition of claim 3, wherein said desired antigen is chemically linked, or conjugated to the fusion protein of claim 3, or the desired antigen is non-covalently linked by affinity interactions to the fusion protein of claim
 3. 5. The fusion protein of claims 1 and 3, wherein said capsid protein is: (a) a full length protein, (b) part of the full length protein, or (c) a mutant or a variant of the protein of (a) or (b), which still retains the ability of self-assembly.
 6. The capsid protein of claim 5, wherein said capsid protein is core antigen from Hepatitis B virus.
 7. The fusion protein of claims 1 and 3, wherein the chaperone protein is a member of one of the chaperone families, and wherein the chaperone protein is a full length protein, a functional equivalent, such as, a fragment of whole chaperone protein, a science mutated or a variant of chaperone protein.
 8. The chaperone protein of claim 7, wherein the chaperone protein is a M. bovis BCG Hsp65 protein.
 9. The composition of claims 1 and 3, wherein the desired antigen is an antigen or any combination of antigens or their fragments from the group consisting of: (a) viruses; (b) bacteria; (c) parasites; (d) prions; (e) tumors; (f) self-molecules; (g) non-peptide hapten molecules (h) allergens; (i) hormones and (j) fragments of any of the antigens from (a) to (i); wherein the desired antigen comprising one or more epitopes derived from the group consisting of: (a) viruses; (b) bacteria; (c) parasites; (d) prions; (e) tumors; (f) self-molecules; (g) allergens and (h) hormones.
 10. The desired antigen of claim 9, wherein the desired antigen is an E7 antigen from human papillomavirus type
 16. 11. A method of preparation of the composition of claim 1, comprising the steps of: a) recombinantly producing the fusion protein of claim 1 by an expression system; b) separating and purifying of said fusion protein in the presence of chaotropic agent, thereby obtaining purified fusion protein in denatured form; c) refolding and reassembling of the denatured fusion protein into macro-molecular structures containing multi-units of fusion protein by a process involving gradually removing out chaotropic agents presented in the denatured fusion protein sample;
 12. A method of preparation of the composition of claim 3, comprising the steps of: a) recombinantly producing the fusion protein of claim 3 by an expression system; b) separating and purifying of said fusion protein in the presence of chaotropic agent, thereby obtaining purified fusion protein in denatured form; c) refolding and reassembling of the fusion protein into macro-molecular structures containing multi-units of fusion protein by a process involving gradually removing out chaotropic agents presented in the denatured fusion protein sample; d) chemically linking or conjugating desired antigen to the macro-molecular structures, or the desired antigen is non-covalently linked by affinity interactions to the macro-molecular structures.
 13. A method of preparation of the composition of claim 3, comprising the steps of: a) recombinantly producing the fusion protein of claim 3 by an expression system; b) separating and purifying of said fusion protein in the presence of chaotropic agent, thereby obtaining purified fusion protein in denatured form; c) chemically linking or conjugating desired antigen to the denatured fusion protein d) refolding and reassembling of the fusion protein into macro-molecular structures containing multi-units of fusion protein linked or conjugated with desired antigen by a process involving gradually removing out chaotropic agents presented in the denatured fusion protein sample.
 14. The method of claims 11-13, wherein the step b) involves using up to 10M urea or guanidine HCl solution (or buffered solution), preferably 4-8M urea or 3-6M guadinine HCl buffered solution as chaotropic agent.
 15. The method of preparation of macro-molecular structures described above, wherein, a specific enzyme cleavage site is created between the capsid protein and the chaperone protein of said fusion protein; and said method further comprising steps (a) treating said macro-molecular structures by an enzyme which recognizes said specific enzyme cleavage site; and (b) harvesting the enzymatic treated macro-molecular structures.
 16. The macro-molecular structures of claims 11-13 and 15, wherein said macro-molecular structures having different morphology compared to authentic VLPs.
 17. A composition comprising: a) any one of the composition described above; b) at least one immunostimulatory substance.
 18. The composition of claim 17, wherein said immunostimulatory substance is an unmethylated CpG-containing oligonucleotide, or double strand RNA, and is bound to or packaged into said macro-molecular structures.
 19. A method of generating immune responses in a host against desired antigen, comprising the step of administering an effective amount of the composition from any one of the compositions described above.
 20. A method of prophylactic or therapeutic vaccination comprising administering to a host in need of treatment an effective amount of the composition from any one of the compositions described above, wherein prevention of the condition or therapeutic treatment of the condition relating to immune responses against said desired antigen.
 21. A composition comprising at least one of the macro-molecular structures described above, wherein the composition induces desirable immune responses to the capsid protein in a host to whom the composition is administered.
 22. A composition comprising: a) a composition of claim 21; b) at least one immunostimulatory substance.
 23. The composition of claim 22, wherein said immunostimulatory substance is an unmethylated CpG-containing oligonucleotide, or double strand RNA, and is bound to or packaged into said macro-molecular structures.
 24. A method of generating immune responses in a host against capsid protein, comprising the step of administering an effective amount of the composition from any one of the compositions described above.
 25. A method of prophylactic or therapeutic vaccination comprising administering to a host in need of treatment an effective amount of the composition from any one of the compositions described above, wherein prevention of the condition or therapeutic treatment of the condition relating to immune responses against capsid protein.
 26. A method of circumventing pre-existing immunity to authentic VLPs by using composition from any one of the compositions described above to administer a host, wherein the composition containing macro-molecular structures having different morphology compare to authentic VLPs.
 27. A method of circumventing existing immune tolerance to authentic VLPs by using composition from any one of the compositions described above to administer a host, wherein the composition containing macro-molecular structures having different morphology compare to authentic VLPs.
 28. A method of circumventing the problem associated with authentic VLPs of interference with commercial anti-capsid protein based assays by using composition from any one of the compositions described above to administer a host, wherein the composition containing macro-molecular structures having different morphology compare to authentic VLPs. 